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    Dynamics and structure of imports into the USSR during World War II
    (University of Customs and Finance, 2023-06-25) Fradynskyi, Olexsandr
    The paper aims to study the dynamics and changes in the structure of Soviet imports during the Second World War, to assess the role and importance of the partner countries of the USSR in the field of foreign economic activity. The results of the study were obtained by applying the dialectical method of cognition of phenomena of a legal and economic nature and relating to the study of import trade flows as an integral element of the State’s foreign economic activity. In addition, the author used the following methods: statistical – for generalization, systematization and analysis of the material; tabular – for visual display of the analyzed data; abstract and logical – for substantiation of theoretical positions and formulation of conclusions. The study found that at the beginning of World War II (01.09.1939–21.06.1941), Soviet imports were focused on high-tech means of production, and the main trading partner of the USSR was Germany, which supplied samples of weapons, equipment for the mining, chemical, and oil industries, machine tools, locomotives, and turbines. After its attack, Soviet imports were reoriented. After the German attack on the USSR, import flows were reoriented to the countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition, and the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Mongolia, Iran, and China became the main foreign economic partners. The structure of imports changed, with arms and military equipment, food, industrial equipment, strategic raw materials and semi-finished products, and petroleum products becoming predominant. Diplomatic correspondence shows that as early as the end of June 1941, the USSR expressed a desire to purchase various types of aircraft and various industrial equipment for aircraft factories and aviation fuel production, anti-aircraft guns of several calibers, equipment for explosives factories, automobile tires, and various metal alloys on credit from the United States. Imports to the USSR covered up to 70% of the total demand for acutely scarce strategic materials, raw materials and semi-finished products. The study, based on the analysis of import statistics, concludes that the bulk of supplies, both in physical terms (16.252 million tons or 67.5%) and in value (49.96 billion rubles or 81.19%), were accounted for by lend-lease, a form of military and economic assistance from the United States to its allies, which consisted of the free supply of military equipment, vehicles, machinery and equipment, technologies, materials, fuel, and food necessary for the conduct of hostilities in World War II and the victory over the common enemy.